Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair.In addition, testosterone is involved in health and well-being,and the prevention of osteoporosis.Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including frailty and bone loss.
Testosterone is a steroid from the androstane class containing a keto and hydroxyl groups at the three and seventeen positions respectively. It is biosynthesized in several steps from cholesterol and is converted in the liver to inactive metabolites. It exerts its action through binding to and activation of the androgen receptor.In humans and most other vertebrates, testosterone is secreted primarily by the testicles of males and, to a lesser extent, the ovaries of females. On average, in adult males, levels of testosterone are about 7 to 8 times as great as in adult females. As the metabolic consumption of testosterone in males is greater, the daily production is about 20 times greater in men. Females are also more sensitive to the hormone.
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| Names | |
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| IUPAC name
(8R,9S,10R,13S,14S,17S)-17-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17- dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one
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| Other names
Androst-4-en-17β-ol-3-one
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| Properties | |
|---|---|
| C19H28O2 | |
| Molar mass | 288.42 g/mol |
| Melting point | 155 |
| Pharmacology | |
| G03BA03 (WHO) | |
| License data | |
| Transdermal (gel, cream, solution, patch), by mouth (as testosterone undecanoate), in the cheek, intranasal (gel), intramuscular injection (as esters), subcutaneous pellets | |
| Pharmacokinetics: | |
| Oral: very low (due to extensive first pass metabolism) | |
| 97.0–99.5% (to SHBG and albumin)[1] | |
| Liver (mainly reduction and conjugation) | |
| 2–4 hours[citation needed] | |
| Urine (90%), feces (6%) | |
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